LESSON 10 PUBLIC LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

конституційне право; державне право; конституційний закон; основний закон

rules to be obeyed

правила (норми права), яким потрібно підкорятися

authority

knowledge of the law constitutional law cases to be unconstitutional

the local authority illegitimate

the equality of individuals a formal written Constitution

to enable citizens to take legal ас-давати право громадянам застосовувати судовий tion against the state a public позов проти держави

державна влада; орган державної влади

знання права (закону) справи конституційного права бути неконституційним, суперечить конституції

місцева влада; орган місцевої влади незаконний; позашлюбний; незаконнонароджений

рівноправність (рівність] громадян (людей) - офіційна писана

конституція; конституція, написана за всіма правилами як закони долЛади how laws are to be made and en-видаватися і ви-

forced піднятися т

to set a seven year term of office - встановлювати для президента

for the president Семілєт

ний термін перебування на посаді

спеціальне (необхідне)

ство голосів -

ставати занадто впливовим -

контроль над урядом, що володіє великими повноваженнями -

принцип поділу влади

болипін-

a special majority vote

to become too powerful a check upon overpowerful government

the principle of separation of powers

policy formulation and direction (executive) functions ющіе) і напрямні політику (виконавчі); 71 lawmaking (legislative) functions

functions of interpretation and application of the law (judicial) to carry out functions appointment of Supreme Court justices

to block important policies

to exempt a witness from answering a question to reveal one's own criminal guilt

case-law rulings

citizens rights a written constitution to overuse libel laws the flexibility of unwritten constitution to look liberal on the surface

to suffer from oppressive governments

to find ways to ignore constitutional rights

to require advance notice of peaceful protests

to obstruct other people to anticipate serious disruption of

community life public body judicial review an abuse of one's powers

nothing illegal checks and balances

-законотворчі (законодавчі) функції -

функції тлумачення і застосування за

кону (судові) -

виконувати функції (обов'язки) -

призначення суддів верховного суду -

блокувати важливі політичні ре

шення (питання і т. д.) -

звільняти свідка від відповіді на;

питання -

відкривати (показувати) свою винен-.

Ність у скоєнні злочини; ня

-судові рішення прецедентного; права -

права громадян -

писана конституція -

зловживати законами про наклеп -

гнучкість неписаної конституції -

виглядати ліберальної на перший j

погляд {на поверхні) -

страждати від прітесняющіх/угнетаю-:

щкх урядів j

знаходити шляхи, щоб ігнорувати! конституційні права -

вимагати предварітельного/заблагов- \

ремінного повідомлення про мирних протестах / демонстраціях заважати іншим людям передбачати серйозні руйнування, на-.

Рушения в житті громади державний орган судовий контроль / нагляд зловживання своїми повноваженнями; перевищення своїх повноважень

нічого протизаконного амер. система "стримувань і противаг" INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

Переведіть на слух (рекомендується для зорово-усного та усного перекладу на слух}: 1.

The United States is a federal union of 50 states. 2.

The Federal Constitution outlines the structure of the national government, its powers and activities. 3.

Other activities are the responsibility of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.

Each of the 50 states, for example, retains the right to run its own public school system , to decide on the qualification of its voters, to license its doctors, to police Its citizens, to maintain its roads. 5.

One of the unusual features of the American judicial system is the power of the courts to declare legislation unconstitutional and, therefore, void. 6.

Federal laws are unconstitutional if they are in excess of Congress's authority, or if they would infringe upon individual rights protected by the Constitution. 7 .

State laws are unconstitutional if they conflict with federal laws or with that state's constitution. 8.

Probably the most significant and far-reaching portion of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights, comprising the first ten amendments to the Constitution. 9.

The first of these assures freedom of religion, speech, and the press and the right of peaceful assembly. 10.

The Forth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments protect persons suspected or accused of crimes. 11.

But they also protect the ordinary citizen from intrusion by the police and other government officials. 12.

Unreasonable searches and seizures of property are prohibited by the Forth. 13.

Evidence which is obtained from the unlawful search may not be used hi a criminal proceeding. 14.

The Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be required to give evidence which would convict him of a crime; that no one may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and that just compensation be given for property taken for public use, such as a school or highway, 15.

The Fifth Amendment stands as a barrier, protecting the people from the arbi trary exercise of governmental power. 16.

The Sixth Amendment assures a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail or fines and cruel and unusual pun ishment.

Знайдіть у теїсти і переведіть на слух: The state regulates the behavior of individuals; by providing rules to be obeyed; laws which enable citizens to take legal action against the state; a public authority; as knowledge of the law has increased; range of constitutional law cases; the equality of individuals; a formal written Constitution; how laws are to be made and enforced: the US Constitution sets a four year term; referenda are to be used; to put the constitution above other laws; from becoming too powerful; from interfering too much in the lives of individuals; policy formulation and direction; lawmaking; inter-j pretation and application of the law; these functions should be carried out; policy \ promises; control of the armed forces; appointment of Supreme Court justices; important policies blocked by Congress; the task of interpreting Jaws; in keeping with the Constitution.

/ 1 Переведіть усно

"(рекомендується для зорово -усного перекладу "сліста" з підготовкою або без підготовки):

Constitutional law

J

We considered how the state regulates the behavior of individuals in society by \ providing rules to be obeyed (criminal law) and procedures for them to solve disputes among each cither (civil law). There are also laws which enable citizens toi take legal action against the state - against, for example, a public authority or | even against the government itself. These actions are part of constitutional Jaw,

As knowledge of the law has increased among the general public, so have the number and range of constitutional law cases. In 1991, an unmarried couple complained in the Tokyo District Court that it was unconstitutional for the local authority to register their daughter as illegitimate. They said this could lead to discrimination and was against the equality of individuals guaranteed in the Japanese Constitution.

A constitution is the political and ideological structure within which a system of laws operates. Most countries have a formal written Constitution describing bow laws are to be made and enforced. The French Constitution, for example, sets a seven year term of office for the president; the US constitution sets a four year term. In Switzerland, a referendum (national vote) must be held on any issue for which a petition signed by 10,000 people has been gathered; in Ireland, referenda are to be used only in the case of changes in the constitution itself. In Germany, a change in the constitution requires a special majority vote in parlfamenl, not the simple majority necessary for other laws. Many other countries put the constitution above other laws by making it difficult to change.

One of the reasons for having special constitutional laws is to prevent governments from becoming too powerful and from interfering too much in the lives of individuals.

As a check, upon over powerful government most modern constitutions have adopted the principle of separation of powers, developed in the 18 "1 century by the French political philosopher Montesquieu. Montesquieu argued that the functions of the state could be divided into policy formulation and direction (executive), - lawmaking (legislative) , and interpreta-tion and application of the law (judicial). To stop governments from becoming too powerful these functions should be carried out by separate institutions, and there should be a balance between them. In the United States, for example, the president (executive) is elected by the people and attempts to carry out his policy promises through a presidential office of advisers. The Constitution gives him many important powers, such as control of the armed forces and appointment of Supreme Court justices, but many of his decisions and all new legislation must be approved by a majority in Congress (legislature), which is also elected by the people. Many presidents have had important policies blocked by Congress. The Supreme Court (judiciary) has the task of interpreting laws which have been disputed in lower courts, and of deciding whether a law passed by Congress or by one of the individual states is in keeping with the Constitution.

Переведіть питання до тексту і дайте відповідь на них: 1.

Як держава регулює поведінку громадян в суспільстві? 2.

Які дії є частиною конституційного права? 3.

Чому збільшилася кількість справ конституційного права? 4.

Що являє собою конституція? 5.

Які конституції є в більшості країн? 6.

Хто і коли розробив принцип поділу влади? 7.

Як Монтеск'є запропонував розділити функції влади в країні? 3. Яким чином закріплено поділ влади в США?

COMVENTARY

При перекладі текстів з англійської мови можна помітити, що написання одних і тих же слів в британських (англійських) і американських текстах відрізняється:

написання англіігхпр

американське behavior .

counsellor

judgment

behaviour counselor judgement

: tiae ugh

honor

defense

offense

practice

thru

honour defence offence

Ці особливості слід враховувати при перекладі з російської мови на англійську і не використовувати різне написання слів в одному тексті, а при усному перекладі дотримуватися одного вимови: американського чи британського [англійської).

Л Переведіть усно і письмово (рекомендується

^ для зорово-усного і зорово * пмсьменного перекладу):

Інформація, релевантна" LESSON 10 PUBLIC LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW "

1. II РІМЕЧАНІЯ 1
   public expenditure / / Review of Economics and Statistics, 1954, № 36. P. 387. 21 Samuelson P. Diagrammatic exposition of a theory of public expenditure / / Review of Economics and Statistics, 1955, № 37. P. 355. 22 Див: Olson M. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965; Hardin R. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
   
2. LESSON 5 CIVIL AND PUBLIC LAV /
   public law disputes among citizens disputes between citizens and the state law of contracts law of torts law of trusts state law probate law family law criminal law procedural criminal law well being constitutional law private citizen inheritance unjust enrichment law of persons legal remedies criminal procedure civil procedure to bring a criminal prosecution against
   
3. Lesson 4. Classifications of Law
     public and private law to be concerned with constitutional law administrative law the multitude of administrative agencies criminal law general maxim to provide punishment for violation of law to encompass the subjects tort property law of contract subject of sale commercial paper agency business organization business law law of torts source of litigation wrong to
   
4. LESSON 2 SOURCES OF LAW
     public law has never been codified, and the French courts have produced a great deal of case law in interpreting the codes that became out of date because of social change, 6. The doctrine of judicial review is the heart of the concept of separation of powers. Знайдіть у тексті і переведіть слова і словосполучення: Statutes enacted by legislatures, cases decided by the courts; legal system is
   
5. ПРИМІТКИ 1
     law / / Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1975, № 5. P. 15; ColemanJ. Markets, Morals and the Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; Sunstein C. After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1990. 16 Boyle J. (Ed.). Critical Legal Studies. Dartmouth: Aldershot, 1992. P. 3. 17 Див: Kennedy D. Legal education as training for
   
6. Довірча власність у цивільному праві Англії та США
     public trust), і вони діють в інтересах усього суспільства або якоїсь його 'частини. Довірча власність виникає різними шляхами. Насамперед-в результаті одностороннього розпорядження засновника з розрахунком її действія74 як за життя самого розпорядника, так і на випадок смерті (у заповіті); або в результаті договору. Але довірча власність може виник-j нуть і без
   
7. LESSON 7 CIVIL LAW. LAW OF TORTS
     public law and order tortions ['txtjuasj act tort of trespass to sue tort of nuisance tort of negligence breach of a legal duty of care vicarious [vai'kearias] liability to be remediable in tort tortfeaser (committer of the tort) to give smb the legal capacity to sue wrongdoing a contractual relationship tort of defamation Employers Liability Act - деликтное право
   
8. Додаткові тексти для перекладу
     public aware of what the law is and try to encourage social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They autho-jAAAAAAAA.A 1 '- АЛЛ Л ХМ І.НІААААМІ І A iAA "ii A_AA A_ 5 J IT rize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they make efforts to
   
9. LESSON 14 OFFICERS OF THE COURT
     lawyers comes before a particular judge. Thus, in rural courts and in courts (and court divisions) with jurisdiction over a narrow range of civil cases, a judge may deal frequently with a relatively small group of lawyers. In urban courts with a broad jurisdiction, judges may encounter a much larger group of lawyers, and close working relationships are less likely to develop. Judges. The
   
10. Classification of Crimes
      law, деликтное право, Law of trusts, тяжкі злочини, misdemeanours, зрада, підпал, conviction, the forfeiture of property, караних більш строго, лжесвідчення, conspiracy, to break the law, бути винним у скоєнні - злочини, закон про крадіжки, criminal state of mind, mens ГЕА, заздалегідь обдуманий злий умисел, намір, Criminal law, capital punishment, висновок 'у в'язницю,
    
11. БІБЛІОГРАФІЯ
      publican Theory of Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Brams S., Fishburn P. Approval voting / / American Political Science Review, 1978, № 72. Brennan G., Buchanan J. The Reason of Rules. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Brennan G., Lcmasky L. Democracy and Decision. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Brennan G., Lmnasky L. The Impartial spectator