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LESSON 9 PUBLIC LAW. CRIMINAL LAW |
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TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS criminal law crimes acts which the state considers be wrong to punish to consider guilty of a crime to commit a crime suspect felony to show evidence of innocence сти злочин Misdemeanour ['misdi' mi: ro] to prove srab's guilt to be detailed in statutes кримінальне право злочину to дії, які держава розглядає як неправомірні карати вважати винним у вчиненні злочину вчиняти злочин підозрюваний - фелония, тяжкий злочин - представити докази невиновно мисдиминор, менш тяжке theft Theft Act to appropriate property burglary act of violence robbery criminal act criminal state of mind actus reus (лат.) mens rea (лат,) slaughter mans laughter murder - довести чиюсь провину? Докладно (детально) викладатися (рас сматриваться) в статутах (законодавчих актах)? Крадіжка? Закон про крадіжки? Привласнювати власність? Берглері; крадіжка (нічна) зі зломом; протиправне проникнення в приміщення з умислом вчинення в ньому фелонию або крадіжку? Акт насильства; насильницьке дію? Робер; грабіж, розбій? Злочинне діяння (дія); переступив ня? Злочинні наміри? Винна дію? Винна воля; вина? Вбивство? Вбивство без злого умислу? Тяжке вбивство, (умисне) убий ство 63 malice aforethought заздалегідь intention computer обдуманий злий crime умисел -намір-комп'ютерне злочин; злочин скоєне за допомогою . ,,, Комп'ютера to break the law a ^ considered crime Ha'2 ушать закон-пре ступні е дейст віє; діяннями е, счита suicide blasphemy to decriminalize discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex to acknowledge / recognize as a crime euthanasia e- r'iii: fl'neizial ії псч.ї моє злочином -сам оубійство; разг. самогубець-богохульство -виключити з числа злочинів, де- криміналізувати-дискримінація проти кого-небудь на грунті расових або статевих відмінностей -визнавати (вважати, розглядати) як злочин-легка смерть; умертвіння у разі невиліковної хвороби, евтаназія INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Q Переведіть усно {рекомендується для зорово-усного та усного перекладу на слух); 5 - The most important categories of crime in England and the United States are felony and misdemeanour. 6. High Treason is the most serious crime known to English law. ?. There is no death penalty in Britain, except for treason. It was abolished for all other offences in 1969. 8. Public opinion polls often show a majority in favour of its return, a majority of MPs has always been against it. 9. For murderers, there is an obligatory life sentence. However, "life" does not normally mean life. Знайдіть у тенсте і переведіть наступні слова і вирази: The law regulating the relations between citizens and the state; acts which the state considers to be wrong; legal systems ; to be considered guilty of a crime; to show evidence of one's innocence; to prove one's guilt; these elements are usually recorded in statutes; common law crimes; case law; the crime of theft; dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another; further definitions of each element; to define in detail crimes; to commit an act of violence; robbery; burglary; criminal act; criminal state of mind; actus reus; mens rea; malice aforethought, definition of intent; to pass a new law; in most industrialized countries; to deal with computer crimes; the fastest growing areas of the law; to review the ideas; to acknowledge as a crime; prescribed places; to be unlawful. COMMENTARY Російському слову "вбивство" в англійській мові відповідають кілька термінів, що необхідно враховувати при перекладі: 1) homicide - позбавлення людини життя; вбивство, 2) manslaughter - просте (без злого умислу! вбивство; 3) murder - тяжке вбивство (із заздалегідь обдуманим злим умис лом) ; 4) slaughter - вбивство (особливо одночасне вбивство не скількох осіб). Ось яке визначення має "вбивство без злого умислу": Manslaughter may be defined as culpable homicide without any of those features which are the evidence of "malice aforethought". Q Переведіть усно і письмово (може використовуватися для послідовного перекладу): Criminal Law Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law - the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state. Hi many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law. Even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different. For example, the crime of theft is defined in England under the 1968 Theft Ad as: "dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it". There are further definitions of each element of the definition, such as appropriating, which may mean taking away, destroying, treating as your own, and selling. The same Act also defines in detail crimes such as burglary (entering someone's land without permission intending to steal or commit an act of violence) and robbery (using force or threats in order to steal from someone). Although the Theft Act was intended to cover many possible circumstances, it is still often necessary for the courts to refer to case law in order to apply the Act to a new case. For example, in the 1985 case of R. vs. Brown, the defendant argued he couldn't be guilty of burglary since he reached through the window of a house without actually going inside. However, the court decided a person can be judged to have "entered" a building if! he gets close enough to be able to remove something from it. There are usually two important elements to a crime: (1) the criminal act itself: and (II) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (I) Act us Reus and (II) Mens Rea. The differences between these can be explained by using the crime of 1 murder as an example. In English law there is a rather long common law definition of murder. The 1 unlawful killing of a human being under the Queen's Peace, with malice afore-j thought, so that the victim dies within a year and a day. Malice aforethought refers to the mens rea of the crime and is a way of saying; that the murderer intended to commit a crime. Of course, the court can never know; exactly what was in the head of the killer at the time of the killing, so it has the] difficult task of deciding what his intentions must have been. Although most criminal laws in the world refer to acts of violence or theft, therel are laws regulating almost every kind of human behavior for example, what we do. 'I with our land; what we say and write; how we run our businesses; even what we] wear. Sometimes governments "create new crimes" by identifying a form of behav-і ior and passing a new law to deal with it. In most industrialized countries existing] theft laws were not adequate to deal with computer crimes where complex kinds of] information are stolen, altered or used to deceive others and thus, new laws have'l been passed. Technical change is one reason why the criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law. Another reason is that the number of crimes committed in some! countries seem to be increasing rapidly - although sometimes it is not clear whether people are breaking the law more, being caught more, or reporting other people's crimes more. One more reason is that different societies, or perhaps it is different govermnents, continually review their ideas of what should and shouldn't be ai considered crime. 66 Homosexual acts, suicide and blasphemy (attacking religion) were once crimes in all European countries, but have now mostly been decriminalized. On the other hand, discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex was not acknowledged as a crime until relatively recently, and is still not rAogwzed in some countries. Recent cases of euthanasia (shortening the life of л gjjc person) are causing re-evaluations of the concept of murder. There are some acts which are crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana [maeri'wa: na] in England, but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands, It is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia. It is a crime to have an abortion in Ireland, but tiot in Spain. It is a crime not to flush a public toilet after use in Singapore, but nDt in Malaysia. In general, however, there is quite a lot of agreement among states $ s to which acts are criminal A visitor to a foreign country can be sure that stealing, physically attacking someone or damaging their property will be unlawful. But the way at dealing with people suspected of crime may be different from his own country. I-I Переведіть питання н тексту і дайте відповідь на них (рекомендується для перекладу з повторенням для розвитку пам'яті}: 1. Що таке кримінальне право? 2. Що таке злочин? 3. Що являє собою основний принцип у багатьох правових системах, згідно з яким не можна вважати людину винною? 4. Що має бути доведено в кожному злочині? 5. Яка різниця між крадіжкою і берглері? 6. Що являє собою пограбування? 7. Які два важливих елементи присутні у злочині? 8. Як уряду сприяють появі нових злочинів? 9. Що Ви знаєте про комп'ютерні злочини? 10. Чому кримінальне право є однією з бистрорастуціх галузей пра ва? 11. Які дії вважаються злочинними в багатьох країнах? 01 Переведіть усно (рекомендується для перекладу з лнсга):
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Інформація, релевантна "LESSON 9 PUBLIC LAW. CRIMINAL LAW" |
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